Vol. 36 No. NE-1 (2026): XXVIII Congreso Internacional en Ciencias Agrícolas
Artículos de investigación

Spectroscopic analysis and antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous extract of hops Humulus lupulus L.

Ulin Antobelli Basilio-Cortes Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
Alexis Alejandro Salazar-Navarro Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
Dagoberto Durán-Hernández
José Gregorio Joya-Dávila Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
Henry López-López
LOURDES GONZALEZ SALITRE UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA

Published 2026-09-23

How to Cite

Basilio-Cortes, U. A., Salazar-Navarro, A. A., Durán-Hernández, D., Joya-Dávila, J. G., López-López, H., & GONZALEZ SALITRE, L. (2026). Spectroscopic analysis and antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous extract of hops Humulus lupulus L. Acta Universitaria, 36(NE-1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2026.4955

Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a fast and cost-effective area of ​​opportunity. In this study, the synthesis of silver sulfate nanoparticles (AgSNPs) and silver nitrate nanoparticles (AgNNPs) was analyzed using an aqueous hop extract. The resulting AgNPs were characterized using instrumental spectroscopic methods. Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani was evaluated. The presence of AgNPs was detected by UV-Vis spectroscopy in the 200 nm to 350 nm range. FTIR spectroscopy revealed peaks between 1000 cm⁻¹ and 1200 cm⁻¹ related to the stretching vibration of the C–C and C–O double bonds. Particle size exhibited bimodal behavior. The ζ potential of the AgNPs ranged from 13.79 mV to -57.53 mV. Antifungal activity was observed, with a reduction in growth halos. These AgNPs synthesized with hop extract may be a versatile antifungal alternative.

References

  1. Alabrahim, O. A. A., Abdeldayem, A. M., & Azzazy, H. M. E. S. (2025). Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using Pistacia species: improved stability and biological activities. Nanoscale Advances, 7(18), 5449-5478. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5na00644a
  2. Anandalakshmi, K., Venugobal, J., & Ramasamy, V. (2016). Characterization of silver nanoparticles by green synthesis method using Pedalium murex leaf extract and their antibacterial activity. Applied Nanoscience, 6, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0449-z
  3. Basilio-Cortes, U. A., Ramírez-Rodrigues, M. M., Ramírez-Rodrigues, M. A., González-Mendoza, D., Tzintzun-Camacho, O., Durán-Hernández, D., & González-Salitre, L. (2024). Phytochemical, spectroscopic analysis and antifungal activity on bell peppers of hydrothermal bioactive metabolites of Humulus lupulus L. extracts. Natural Product Research, 39(24), 7054-7065. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2405010
  4. Carotenuto, G., Palomba, M., Cristino, L., Di Grazia, M. A., De Nicola, S., & Nicolais, F. (2013). Preparation and characterization of antimicrobial silver/polystyrene nanocomposites. En G. Carotenuto & L. Nicolais (eds.), Nanocomposites: In Situ Synthesis of Polymer‐Embedded Nanostructures (pp. 195-207). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118742655.ch9
  5. Das, P., Dutta, T., Manna, S., Loganathan, S., & Basak, P. (2022). Facile green synthesis of non-genotoxic, non-hemolytic organometallic silver nanoparticles using extract of crushed, wasted, and spent Humulus lupulus (hops): characterization, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer studies. Environmental Research, 204, 111962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111962
  6. Deka, K., Nongbet, R. D., Das, K., Saikia, P., Kaur, S., Talukder, A., & Thakuria, B. (2025). Understanding the mechanism underlying the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract(s) with special reference to silver, gold, copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Hybrid Advances, 9, 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100399
  7. Elmusa, F., Aygun, A., Gulbagca, F., Seyrankaya, A., Göl, F., Yenikaya, C., & Sen, F. (2021). Investigation of the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Abelmoschus esculentus extract and their ceramic applications. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(4), 849-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02883-x
  8. González-Salitre, L., González-Olivares, L. G., & Basilio-Cortes, U. A. (2023). Humulus lupulus L. a potential precursor to human health: high hops craft beer. Food Chemistry, 405, 134959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134959
  9. Górka, K., & Kubiński, K. (2023). Antifungal activity against human and plant mycopathogens, and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles exhibiting such activity. Applied Sciences, 14(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010115
  10. Hamelian, M., Zangeneh, M. M., Amisama, A., Varmira, K., & Veisi, H. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Thymus kotschyanus extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 32(9), e4458. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4458
  11. Jain, A. K., & Thareja, S. (2019). In vitro and in vivo characterization of pharmaceutical nanocarriers used for drug delivery. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 47(1), 524-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1561457
  12. Jeevanandam, J., Barhoum, A., Chan, Y. S., Dufresne, A., & Danquah, M. K. (2018). Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 9(1), 1050-1074. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.98
  13. Khan, S., Zahoor, M., Khan, R. S., Ikram, M., & Islam, N. U. (2023). The impact of silver nanoparticles on the growth of plants: the agriculture applications. Heliyon, 9(6), e16928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16928
  14. Kumar, M., Saini, R. V., Gupta, M., & Singh, R. (2025). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Cha-AgNPs) using Chenopodium album extract and evaluation of their antifungal potential against pathogenic fungi. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15, 8955-8966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05721-z
  15. Kyaw, K., Harada, A., Ichimaru, H., Kawagoe, T., Yahiro, K., Morimura, S., Ono, K., Tsutsuki, H., Sawa, T., & Niidome, T. (2017). Silver nanoparticles as potential antibiofilm agents against human pathogenic bacteria. Chemistry Letters, 46(4), 594-596. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.161198
  16. Le Ouay, B., & Stellacci, F. (2015). Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: a surface science insight. Nanotoday, 10(3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2015.04.002
  17. Malik, M. A., Wani, A. H., Bhat, M. Y., Siddiqui, S., Alamri, S. A. M., & Alrumman, S. A. (2024). Fungal-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a novel strategy for plant disease management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1399331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1399331
  18. Prasher, P., Singh, M., & Mudila, H. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antifungal properties. BioNanoScience, 8, 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-017-0481-4
  19. Rodrigues, T., Fontes, P., Silva, P. I., & Campos, P. (2021). A new perspective of a well-recognized raw material: phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and α-and β-acids profile of Brazilian hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extracts. LWT, 141, 110905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110905
  20. Romero-Urbina, D. G., Lara, H. H., Velázquez-Salazar, J. J., Arellano-Jiménez, M. J., Larios, E., Srinivasan, A., López-Ribot, J. L., & Yacamán, M. J. (2015). Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced by positively charged silver nanoparticles. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 6(1), 2396-2405. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.246
  21. Titus, D., Samuel, E. J. J., & Roopan, S. M. (2019). Nanoparticle characterization techniques. In Green synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles (pp. 303-319). Elsevier.
  22. Sharma, R., Dhillon, A., & Kumar, D. (2018). Mentha-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles for High-Performance Colorimetric Detection of Al(III) in Aqueous Systems. Scientific Reports, 8, 5189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23469-1
  23. Stack, M., Parikh, D., Wang, H., Wang, L., Xu, M., Zou, J., Cheng, J., & Wang, H. (2019). Chapter 25 - Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery. En B. Ding, X. Wang & J. Yu (eds.), Electrospinning: nanofabrication and applications (pp. 735-764). William Andrew. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-51270-1.00025-X
  24. Sun, B., Ao, Y. L., Cao, X., Zhang, J. B., Zhang, X., Lu, D. H., Lin, M., Liu, J. S., & Zhang, X. Q. (2025). Hop bitter acids from the pistillate flower of Humulus lupulus L. and their anti-inflammatory and anti-dengue virus activities. Phytochemistry, 241, 114689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2025.114689
  25. Xia, Z. K., Ma, Q. H., Li, S. Y., Zhang, D. Q., Cong, L., Tian, Y. L., & Yang, R. Y. (2016). The antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on Trichosporon asahii. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 49(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2014.04.013
  26. Xiao, X., Wang, D., Younis, O., Zhang, X., Al-Hossainy, A. F., Yavuz, C. T., Yang, X., & Cheng, H. M. (2025). Recent advances in metallic core-shell nanoparticles for electrocatalysis: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 110, 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.06.057
  27. Zayed, M. F., Eisa, W. H., El-Kousy, S. M., Mleha, W. K., & Kamal, N. (2019). Ficus retusa-stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles: controlled synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and sensing properties. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 214, 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.042
  28. Zehra, S. H., Ramzan, K., Viskelis, J., Viskelis, P., & Balciunaitiene, A. (2025). Advancements in green synthesis of silver-based nanoparticles: antimicrobial and antifungal properties in various films. Nanomaterials, 15(4), 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040252